# notes

### What is web cache poisoning?

* advanced technique whereby an attacker exploits the behavior of a web server and cache so that a harmful HTTP response is served to other users
* involves two phases:
  1. attacker must work out how to elicit a response from the back-end server that inadvertently contains some kind of dangerous payload
  2. need to make sure that their response is cached and subsequently served to the intended victims

### How does a web cache work?

![Web cache](https://170461694-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FGYZkunpROw4Pi6Dk5Gw7%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-e91f34115d07b452f706a7a6aedcaa4c7d1c1464%2Fcaching.svg?alt=media)

* if a server had to send a new response to every single HTTP request separately, this would likely overload the server, resulting in latency issues and a poor user experience
* caching is primarily a means of reducing such issues
* cache sits between the server and the user, saves (caches) the responses to particular requests, for a fixed amount of time
* if another user sends an equivalent request, the cache simply serves a copy of the cached response directly to the user, without any interaction from the back-end

### Cache keys

* when the cache receives an HTTP request, it first has to determine whether there is a cached response that it can serve directly or whether it has to forward the request for handling by the back-end server
* caches identify equivalent requests by comparing a predefined subset of the request's components (cache key)
* contain the request line and Host header
* components of the request that are not included in the cache key are said to be "unkeyed"
* if cache key of an incoming request matches the key of a previous request, the cache considers them to be equivalent
* serve a copy of the cached response that was generated for the original request
* applied to all subsequent requests with the matching cache key until the cached response expires
* other components of the request are ignored by the cache

### Impact of a web cache poisoning attack

* depends on

1. What exactly the attacker can successfully get cached?
2. Amount of traffic on the affected page

### Constructing a web cache poisoning attack

1. Identify and evaluate unkeyed inputs

* any web cache poisoning attack relies on manipulation of unkeyed inputs such as headers
* you can use unkeyed inputs to inject the payload and elicit a poisoned response which if cached will be served to all users whose requests have the matching cache key
* first step is to identify unkeyed inputs that are supported by the server
* to identify unkeyed inputs, add random inputs to requests and observing whether or not they have an effect on the response: eg - reflecting the input in the response directly or triggering an entirely different response
*   use `Param Miner` extension to automate the process

    > When testing for unkeyed inputs on a live website, there is a risk of causing the cache to server your generated responses to real users\
    > important to make sure theat your requests all have a unique cache key so that they will only be served to you: add a cache buster (such as a unique parameter) to the request line each time

1. Elicit a harmful response from the back-end server

* next step is to evaluate exactly how the website processes
* if an input is reflected in the response from the server without being properly sanitized or is used to dynamically generate other data, this is a potential entry point for web cache poisoning

1. Get the response cached

* whether or not a response gets cached can depend on all kinds of factors such as file extension, content type, route, status code and response headers

### Exploiting web cache poisoning vulnerabilities

#### Exploiting cache design flaws

* due to general flaws in the design of caches
* websites are vulnerable to web cache poisoning if they handle unkeyed input in an unsafe way and allow the subsequent HTTP responses to be cached

**Using web cache poisoning to deliver an XSS attack**

* simplest web cache poisoning vulnerability to exploit is when unkeyed input is reflected in a cacheable response without proper sanitization

eg -

```
GET /en?region=uk HTTP/1.1
Host: innocent-website.com
X-Forwarded-Host: innocent-website.co.uk
======================================
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: public
<meta property="og:image" content="https://innocent-website.co.uk/cms/social.png" />
```

* `X-Forwarded-Host` header is being used to dynamically generated an Open Graph image URL, which is then reflected in the response; which is often unkeyed
* cache can potentially be poisoned with a response containing a simple XSS payload

```
# request
GET /en?region=uk HTTP/1.1
Host: innocent-website.com
X-Forwarded-Host: a."><script>alert(1)</script>"

# response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: public
<meta property="og:image" content="https://a."><script>alert(1)</script>"/cms/social.png" />
```

* if this response was cached, all users who accessed `/en?region=uk` would be served this XSS payload

**Exploit unsafe handling of resource imports**

* some websites use unkeyed headers to dynamically generate URLs for importing resources, such as externally hosted JS file
* if the attacker changes the value of the appropriate header to a domain that they control, they can potentially manipulate the URL to point to their own malicious JS file instead

```
# request
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: innocent-website.com
X-Forwarded-Host: evil-user.net
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 Firefox/57.0

# response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
<script src="https://evil-user.net/static/analytics.js"></script>
```

**Exploit cookie-handling vulnerabilities**

* eg - cookie that indicates the user's preferred lanaugage, which is used to load the corresponding version of the page

```
GET /blog/post.php?mobile=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: innocent-website.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 Firefox/57.0
Cookie: language=pl;
Connection: close
```

* Polish version of the blog post is being requested
* the information about which language version to serve is only contained in the cookie header
* suppose that the cache key contains the request line and the Host header, not in the Cookie header
* if the response to this request is cached, then all the subsequent users who tried to access this blog post would receive the Polish version

**Using multiple headers**

* sometimes need to craft a request that manipulates multiple unkeyed inputs
* suppose website requires secure communication using HTTPS
* if a request that uses another protocol is received (eg - HTTP), the website dynamically generates a redirect to itself that does use HTTPS:

```
GET /random HTTP/1.1
Host: innocent-website.com
X-Forwarded-Proto: http
---------------------
HTTP/1.1 301 moved permanently
Location: https://innocent-site.com/random
```

* by combining this with above vulnerabilities in dynamically generated URLs, it can be exploited to generate a cacheable response that redirects users to a malicious URL

**Exploting responses that expose too much information**

*   Cache-control directive

    * sometimes responses explicitly reveal some of the information an attacker needs to successfully poison the cache
    * eg - when responses contain information about how often the cache is purged or how old the currently cached response is

    ```
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Via: 1.1 varnish-v4
    Age: 174
    Cache-Control: public, max-age=1800
    ```

    * it gives an information when to send the payload to ensure it gets cached
* Vary header
  * specifies a list of additional headers that should be treated as part of the cache key even if they are normally unkeyed

**Exploit DOM-based vulnerabilities**

* if a script handles data from the server in an unsafe way, this can potentially lead to all kinds of DOM-based vulnerabilities
* eg - an attacker can poison the cache with a response that import JSON file containing the following payload:

```json
{ "someProperty": "<svg onload=alert(1)>" }
```

* if the website passes the value of this property into a sink that supports dynamic code execution, the payload would be executed in the context of the victim's browser session
* if you use the web cache poisoning to make a website load malicious JSON data from your server, you may need to grant the website access to the JSON using CORS:

```
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
{
  "malicious json" : "malicious json"
}
```

* web cache poisoning sometimes requires the attacker to chain together several of the techniques
* by chaining together different vulnerabilities, it is often possible to expose additional layers of vulnerability that were initially unexploitable

#### Exploiting cache implementation flaws

**Cache key flaws**

* request line is usually part of the cache key and these inputs have traditionally not been considered suitable for cache poisoning
* any payload injected via keyed inputs act as a cache buster; your poisoned cache entry would almost certainly never be served to any other users
* many websites and CDNs perform various transformations on keyed components when they saved in the cache key
  * excluding the query string
  * filtering out specific query parameters
  * normalizing input in key components

**Cache probing methadology**

* need a deeper understanding of the target cache and its behavior

1. Identify a suitable cache oracle
2. Probe key handling
3. Identify an exploitable gadget
4. Identify a suitable cache oracle
5. Identify a suitable cache oracle

* cache oracle - a page or endpoint that provides feedback about the cache's behavior
* this needs to be cacheable and must indicate in some way whether you received a cached response or a response directly from the server
* feedback can take various forms such as
  * an HTTP header that explicitly tells you whether you got a cache hit
  * Observable changes to dynamic content
  * Distinct response times
* ideally, the cache oracle will reflect the entire URL and at least one query parameter in the response
* eg - Akami-based websites may support the header `Pragma: akami-x-get-cache-key` which can be used to display the cahe key in the response headers

```
GET /?param=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: innocent-website.com
Pragma: akami-x-get-cache-key

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Cache-Key: inncoent-website.com/?param=1
```

1. Probe key handling

* next step is to investigate whether the cache performs any additional processing of your input when generating the cache key
* look at any transformation that is taking place
* is anything being excluded from a keyed component when it is added to the cache key?
* eg -

```
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
===========
HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Permanently
Location: https://vulnerable-website.com/en
Cache-Status: miss
```

* to test whether the port is excluded from the cache key, request an arbitary port and make sure that we receive a fresh response from the server that reflects this input

```
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com:1337

HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Permanently
Location: https://vulnerable-website.com:1337/en
Cache-Status: miss
```

* then send another request, without a port

```
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com

HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Permanently
Location: https://vulnerable-website.com:1337/en
Cache-Status: hit
```

1. Identify an exploitable gadget

* final step is to identify a suitable gadget that you can chain with this cache key flaw
* often be classic client-side vulnerabilities such as reflected XSS and open redirects

1. Exploiting cache key flaws

**Unkeyed port**

* Host header is often part of the cache key
* can construct DOS attack by simply adding an arbitary port to the request
* sometimes, allow to specify a non-numeric port and use this to inject an XSS payload

**Unkeyed query string**

* one of the most common cache-key transformations is to exclude the entire query string

Detecting an unkeyed query string

* to identify a dynamic page, you would normally observe how changing a parameter value has an effect on the response
* if the query string is unkeyed, most of the time you would still get a cache hit, and an unchanged response, regardless of any parameters you add
* alternative way of adding cache buster, such as adding it to a keyed header that doesn't interfere with the application's behavior

```
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, cachebuster
Accept: */*, text/cachebuster
Cookie: cachebuster=1
Origin: https://cachebuster.vulnerable-website.com
```

* in Param miner, "Add static/dynamic cache buster" > "Include cache busters in headers"
* another approach is to see whether there are any discrepancies between how the cache and the back-end normalize the path of the request
* eg -

```
Apache: GET //
Nginx: GET /%2F
PHP: GET /index.php/xyz
.NET GET /(A(xyz)/
```

Cache parameter cloaking

* eg `GET /?example=123?excluded_param=bad-stuff-here`
* cache would identify two parameters and exclude the second one from the cache key but the server doesn't accept the second ? as a delimiter and sees as one parameter, `example` whose value is the entire rest of the query string, including the payload
* exploiting parameter parsing quirks
* `GET /?keyed_param=abc&excluded_param=123;keyed_param=bad-stuff-here`
